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ꓡꓲ-ꓢꓴ ꓫꓵꓽ ꓚꓺ ꓟꓲ ꓬꓲ ꓟꓳꓸꓹ ꓡꓱꓽ

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ꓡꓲ-ꓢꓴ ꓫꓵꓽ ꓚꓺ ꓟꓲ ꓬꓲ ꓟꓳꓸꓹ ꓡꓱꓽ
ꓧꓪꓺ ꓟꓰꓹ ꓐꓳꓺ ꓢꓴ꓾ <ꓟꓬ..  ꓙꓸꓹ>

“ꓚꓺ ꓟꓲꓽ ꓟꓽ ꓙꓳꓸꓹ ꓞꓳ ꓟ ꓙꓳ꓾ ꓮꓽ ꓐꓽ ꓟ ꓙꓳꓸꓹ ꓓꓲꓽ ꓤꓽ ꓥꓳ’’

ꓞꓳ ꓫꓵꓽ  ꓕꓲ ꓫꓵˍ ꓡꓰ ꓕꓲ ꓫꓵ ꓠꓬ꓾ ꓒꓵ ꓒ ꓐꓴ ꓗꓪ ꓐꓰ꓾ ꓕꓲ ꓝꓸ ꓗ ꓠꓯ ꓕꓲ ꓝꓸ ꓞꓳ ꓙꓳꓸꓹ ꓬꓯꓼ ꓡ ꓢꓴˍ ꓡꓰꓽ ꓥ ꓠꓬꓲ꓾ ꓮꓺ
ꓡꓲ ꓐꓰ ꓗꓳ ꓡ ꓟ ꓚꓺ ꓟꓲꓽ ꓙꓳ ꓢꓴˍ ꓡꓰꓽ ꓥ ꓡꓳ= ꓮꓺ ꓡꓲ ꓕꓲ ꓞꓳ ꓫꓵꓽ ꓔꓯ ꓡꓳ ꓠꓬꓲˍ ꓥ ꓟꓲ꓾ ꓬꓲ ꓪ ꓚꓺ ꓟꓲ ꓔꓯ ꓕꓳ ꓶ
ꓗꓪ ꓟꓽ ꓐꓳ ꓧꓶ ꓕꓯ꓾ ꓟꓷ ꓠꓷ ꓗꓪ ꓐꓰ ꓚꓺ ꓟꓸ ꓖꓶ ꓡꓯ ꓘꓳ ꓩꓴ ꓡ ꓡꓳ= ꓞꓳ ꓫꓵ ꓟꓬꓽ ꓐꓱ ꓠꓬ ꓥꓳꓽ ꓙꓱ ꓗꓪ ꓐꓰ ꓚˍ
ꓡꓳ= ꓣꓳ ꓡꓲ-ꓢꓴ ꓒꓵ ꓒ ꓐꓴ ꓠꓬ꓾ ꓥꓳ ꓙꓱ ꓗꓪ ꓐꓰ ꓥ ꓟꓲ꓾ ꓟꓴ ꓖꓪꓽ ꓐꓵꓸꓹ ꓢꓲ ꓥ ꓟꓲ꓾ ꓚꓺˍ ꓡꓳ= ꓕꓳ ꓶ ꓗꓪˍ ꓟꓲ
ꓐꓳꓺ ꓚꓲꓸ ꓔ ꓟ ꓙꓳ ꓗꓷꓳ= http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisupeople ꓗꓪ꓾ ꓡꓲ-ꓢꓴ ꓚꓺ ꓟꓲꓽ ꓟꓴ ꓖꓪ ꓠꓬ꓾ ꓕꓲ
ꓠꓽ ꓡꓱꓹꓼ ꓐꓵꓸꓹˍ ꓟꓲ ꓖꓴ ꓡꓰ ꓟꓽ ꓓ꓾ ꓐꓰ ꓐꓳ ꓔꓸ ꓡꓳ=

ꓖꓳ ꓡꓱ ꓥ ꓟꓲ꓾ ꓪꓽ ꓚꓲ ꓫꓸ ꓟꓵ ꓗꓪ ꓮꓽ ꓟꓬꓹ ꓦꓬꓸꓹ ꓤꓶ ꓦꓬ ꓠꓬꓲ ꓗꓳ ꓠ ꓗꓷ ꓡꓰ ꓠꓬꓲ꓾ ‘ꓪꓴ-ꓢ ꓡꓰ ꓖꓶ ꓔꓸ ꓟ ꓡꓲ-ꓢꓴ
ꓕꓳ ꓶ ꓥꓸꓹ ꓟ꓾ ꓑ ꓑ ꓔꓯꓸ ꓦꓰꓼ ꓟꓷꓼ ꓘꓳ ꓓꓳ ꓡ ꓕꓯ꓾ ꓛꓴꓸꓹ ꓜ ꓗꓷꓳ꓾ ꓐꓰ ꓐꓯˍ ꓡꓳ= ꓥꓳꓽ ꓙꓱ ꓗꓪ ꓐꓰ ꓚ ꓬꓯꓼ ꓡ ꓟ
ꓚꓺ ꓟꓲꓽ ꓔꓯ ꓥ ꓟꓲ꓾ ꓟꓯꓼ ꓓꓶꓽ ꓟꓯꓼ ꓛꓰꓹ ꓮꓽ ꓟꓬꓹ ꓤꓶ ꓗꓳ ꓡ ꓗꓸ ꓠꓯꓸ꓾ ꓚꓺ ꓟꓸ ꓖꓶ ꓗꓴ ꓢꓴ ꓮ ꓤꓸꓹ ꓤꓸꓹꓼ ꓐꓰ ꓟꓶꓽ ꓬꓰ
ꓖꓴˍ ꓡꓳ= ꓖꓳ ꓡꓱ ꓠꓬꓲ ꓣꓳ ꓤꓶꓸꓹ ꓗꓪ ꓛꓲ ꓡ ꓕꓯ꓾ ꓣꓳꓽ ꓚ ꓟꓲ ꓔꓯ ꓔꓲꓺ ꓢꓲꓽ ꓢꓲˍ ꓡꓰ ꓚꓺ ꓟꓽ ꓐ ꓡ ꓗꓷ ꓡꓰꓳ= ꓣꓳꓽ
ꓫꓵꓽ ꓠꓯꓹꓼ ꓗꓪ ꓐꓰ ꓥ ꓟꓲ꓾ ꓠꓱ ꓐꓯ ꓫꓵꓽ ꓗꓪ ꓐꓰ ꓥ ꓟꓲ꓾ ꓑꓺ ꓙꓽ ꓟꓶˍ ꓟ ꓟꓬ ꓛꓲ ꓔꓯꓸ ꓡꓳ ꓠꓬꓲ ꓢꓲ꓾ ꓣꓳꓽ ꓚ ꓟꓲ ꓣꓳ
ꓫꓬ ꓐꓳ ꓠ ꓗ ꓥꓳ=
ꓡꓲ-ꓢꓴ ꓒꓵꓽ ꓒꓽ ꓚꓰꓺ
ꓥꓳꓽ ꓐꓰ ꓔꓬ ꓜ ꓔꓬ ꓓꓳˍ ꓟ ꓡꓲꓽ ꓒꓰꓼ ꓕꓲ ꓐꓱ ꓔꓯꓸ ꓡꓳ ꓢꓲ꓾ ꓐꓶ ꓓꓵ ꓟꓵ ꓚꓺ ꓟꓲ ꓧꓪ ꓟꓰꓹ ꓢꓴ ꓡꓰ꓾ ꓡꓲ-ꓢꓴ ꓠꓬ ꓗꓪ-
ꓜꓴ ꓟꓵ (Tibet) ꓔꓯ ꓟꓳ ꓐꓰ  ꓬꓯꓼ ꓡꓰ ꓟ꓾ (Tibeto-Burman) ꓐꓯˍ ꓟ ꓞꓳ ꓫꓵ ꓕꓲ ꓗꓪꓺ ꓟ ꓗꓪ ꓐꓰ ꓬꓯꓼ ꓡꓰ
ꓢꓴ ꓥ ꓡꓳ꓾ ꓐꓰ ꓗꓴꓽ ꓢꓲꓸ ꓐꓯˍ ꓥ ꓟꓲ꓾ ꓣꓳ ꓡꓲ-ꓢꓴ ꓒꓵ ꓒ ꓐꓴ ꓚꓺˍ ꓟ ꓗꓪ꓾ ꓣꓳꓽ ꓠꓬ꓾ ꓟꓴ-ꓗꓴ-ꓬ ꓟꓵ
(Mongolia) ꓗꓪ ꓐꓰ ꓬꓯꓼ ꓡꓰ ꓢꓴ ꓥ ꓡꓳ꓾ ꓐꓯ ꓡꓳ= ꓖꓳ ꓡꓱ ꓠꓬꓲ ꓣꓳ ꓠꓬ꓾ ꓧꓶ-ꓒ꓾ ꓙꓬ-ꓑꓠ ꓐꓰ ꓮ ꓡ ꓕꓲ ꓡꓰꓸꓹ
ꓛꓲˍ ꓗꓪ꓾ ꓥ ꓠꓬ꓾ ꓬꓲ ꓪ ꓟꓲ ꓕꓯ ꓗꓪ꓾ ꓬꓯ ꓡꓰ ꓢꓲ꓾ ꓮꓺ ꓟꓶꓺ ꓟ ꓧꓶ-ꓟꓵꓽ ꓗꓳꓺ ꓡꓳꓺ꓾ ꓓꓰꓺ ꓟꓵꓽ ꓙꓲꓸꓹ ꓟꓵ ꓗꓪ꓾ ꓔꓬ
ꓬꓯꓼ ꓡꓰ ꓡꓳ=  ꓮ ꓡꓲꓳ ꓐꓯ ꓠꓬ꓾ ꓧꓶ ꓪ ꓔꓲ ꓐꓰ ꓡꓲ-ꓢꓴ ꓪ ꓔꓲ ꓟꓵꓽ ꓦꓴꓺ ꓡꓯ ꓘꓳˍ ꓟ ꓚ ꓟꓲ ꓔꓯꓸ ꓡꓲ-ꓢꓴ ꓫꓵ ꓐꓴ ꓗꓳ
ꓡꓳ ꓗꓪ ꓚꓺ ꓗꓳꓸ ꓡ ꓗꓷꓳ= ꓗꓺ ꓟꓲꓽ꓾ ꓥꓳꓽ꓾ ꓐꓰ ꓶꓽ ꓖꓪꓽ ꓔꓯꓸ ꓟꓳ ꓣꓳ ꓡꓲ-ꓢꓴ ꓠꓬ ꓧꓶ-ꓒ ꓐꓰ ꓥ ꓟꓲ꓾ ꓙꓬ-ꓑꓠ ꓐꓰ ꓥ
ꓟꓲ꓾ ꓪꓸꓹ ꓜꓲꓸꓹ ꓫꓱ ꓡꓯ ꓘꓳˍ ꓟ ꓠꓬ꓾ ꓧꓶ-ꓒ ꓐꓰ ꓙꓬ-ꓑꓠ ꓟꓽ ꓗꓪꓺ ꓡꓯ ꓘꓳ ꓡꓰ ꓕꓯ ꓡꓰ꓾ ꓣꓳ ꓠꓬ ꓬꓲ ꓪ ꓐꓰ ꓕꓲ ꓟꓵˍ
ꓗꓪ꓾ ꓬꓲꓸ ꓦꓬꓸꓹ ꓬꓲꓸ ꓔꓴꓺ ꓘꓳ ꓛꓲ ꓔꓬ ꓗꓷ ꓟ ꓢꓷ ꓡꓰ ꓓꓴ ꓥ ꓡꓳ= ꓕꓱ ꓟ ꓗꓪ ꓐꓰ꓾ ꓗꓪ-ꓜꓴ ꓟꓵ ꓗꓪ ꓐꓰ ꓬꓯ ꓡꓰ
ꓡꓳ꓾ ꓐꓯˍ ꓟ ꓐꓶ ꓓꓵ ꓟꓵ ꓢꓴ ꓚꓺ ꓟꓲ ꓠꓬ ꓒꓬꓱꓼ ꓡ ꓟ ꓓ= ꓥꓳꓽ꓾ ꓐꓰ ꓡꓲ ꓒꓰꓼ ꓕꓲ ꓐꓱ ꓗꓪ꓾ Tibeto-Burman ꓐꓴ
ꓐꓰ ꓫꓱ ꓡꓯ ꓘꓳ ꓡꓰˍ ꓟ ꓠꓬ꓾ ꓡꓲ-ꓢꓴ ꓐꓴ ꓬꓲ ꓪ ꓔꓬ ꓟ ꓟꓵ ꓗꓪ ꓔꓬ ꓛꓲ ꓡ ꓗꓸ ꓠꓯꓸ ꓑꓯꓸ ꓟꓶ ꓡꓰˍ ꓟ ꓡꓰꓽ ꓒꓬꓱ ꓡ
ꓓˍ ꓡꓳ=
ꓧꓶ-ꓒ ꓐꓰ ꓡꓲ-ꓢꓴ ꓟꓵ ꓦꓴꓺ ꓡꓯ ꓘꓳˍ ꓟ
http://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/history/ ꓗꓪ꓾ ꓧꓶꓽ ꓞꓳ ꓫꓵ ꓠꓬꓸꓹ ꓗꓳ ꓗꓷ ꓟ ꓮ ꓡ 5000 ꓘꓳ ꓛꓲ ꓕꓯ ꓡꓰ ꓞꓳ
ꓫꓵ ꓤ ꓕꓲ ꓫꓵ ꓗꓪ ꓐꓰ ‘ꓪꓴ ꓔꓴ ꓢꓲ꓾ ꓮꓽ ꓤꓸꓹ ꓤꓸꓹ ꓠꓬ꓾ ꓞꓳ ꓫꓵꓽ ꓮꓽ ꓟꓬꓹ ꓫꓵꓽ ꓡꓳꓽ ꓡꓰ ꓢꓲ ꓠꓬꓲ꓾ ꓞꓳ ꓫꓵ ꓓ ꓟ ꓒꓬꓱ
ꓡ ꓟ ꓥ ꓡꓳ꓾ ꓐꓰ ꓐꓳ ꓔ ꓡꓳ= ꓬꓲ ꓪ ꓚ ꓟꓲ ꓗꓪ꓾ Primitive Society, Slave Society, Feudal Society, Semi-feudal and
semi-colonial Society, and Socialist Society ꓐꓰ ꓐꓯ ꓢꓲ꓾ ꓬꓲꓸ ꓕꓳꓼ ꓓ ꓟ 5 ꓕꓳꓼ ꓙꓳ- ꓡꓳ= ꓝꓮꓲ ꓠꓬ꓾ National
Geographic Magazine, March, 1971 ꓗꓪ꓾ Han ꓐꓯˍ ꓟ ꓧꓶ-ꓒ ꓞꓳ ꓫꓵ ꓓ ꓟ ꓡꓰ꓾ ꓔꓱ ꓦꓲ ꓓꓰꓺ ꓟꓵ ꓗꓪ ꓐꓰ꓾ ꓐꓶ
ꓓꓵ ꓔꓯꓸ ꓟꓳꓸ ꓟ ꓪꓽ ꓚꓲꓺ ꓟꓵ ꓫ ꓟꓵ ꓔꓯꓸ ꓟꓳ ꓖꓼ ꓦꓸꓹ ꓗꓷ ꓟ ꓞꓳ ꓫꓵ꓾ ꓮꓽ ꓡꓸꓹ 150 ꓫꓵ ꓛꓲ ꓙꓳˍ ꓡꓳ꓾ ꓐꓰ ꓐꓳ ꓔ ꓡꓳ=
ꓕꓱ ꓟ ꓔꓯ ꓡꓳ ꓠꓬꓲ ꓠꓬ꓾ ꓮꓽ ꓤꓸꓹ ꓤˍ ꓐꓰ꓾ ꓤꓶ ꓮꓽ ꓟꓬꓹ ꓗꓳ ꓡ ꓗ ꓠꓯꓸ꓾ ꓞꓳ ꓫꓵꓽ ꓮꓽ ꓟꓬ ꓠꓬ ꓧꓶ-ꓒ ꓞꓳ ꓫꓵ ꓠꓯ ꓗꓪ ꓖꓴꓻ ꓓꓵ ꓡꓰ ꓢꓲ꓾ ꓓꓵ ꓡꓰ ꓟ ꓓ ꓟ ꓡꓲ-ꓢꓴ ꓫꓵ ꓐꓰ ꓠꓱ ꓐꓯ ꓞꓳ ꓫꓵ ꓮ ꓟꓬ ꓔꓯ꓾ ꓪꓽ ꓚꓲꓺ ꓟꓵ ꓫ ꓟꓵ ꓔꓯ ꓟꓳ꓾ ꓖꓼ ꓦꓸꓹ ꓗꓷ ꓟ ꓢꓷ ꓡꓰ ꓓˍ ꓡꓳ=


ꓡꓲ-ꓢꓴ ꓚˍ ꓟ ꓫꓵꓺ ꓙꓽ ꓥꓳꓽ
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_China ꓗꓪ꓾ ꓧꓶꓽ ꓟꓵ ꓗꓪ ꓕꓲ ꓫꓵ ꓛꓳ ꓕꓲ ꓫꓵ꓾ ꓕꓲ ꓟꓵ ꓛꓳ ꓕꓲ ꓟꓵ ꓓꓶ ꓡꓯ
ꓘꓳˍ ꓟ ꓤꓶ (Feudal Society Era)ꓠꓬ꓾ ꓐꓚ 476-221 ꓗꓪ ꓥ ꓡꓳ= ꓡꓲ-ꓢꓴ ꓐꓰ ꓧꓶ-ꓒ ꓠꓬ ꓦꓬ ꓠꓬꓲ ꓖꓳ ꓟ ꓗꓪ꓾
ꓮꓽ ꓟꓸꓹˍ ꓟꓲ ꓮ ꓟꓸꓹ ꓪꓸꓹ ꓔꓲ ꓙꓳ ꓠꓬꓲ ꓐꓰ ꓮ ꓟꓶ ꓟ ꓧꓶ ꓟꓵ ꓔꓱ ꓦꓲ ꓗꓪ ꓔꓬ ꓕꓯ꓾ ꓟꓽ ꓠꓽ ꓧꓶ-ꓒ ꓡꓰ ꓓꓶꓽ ꓢꓲ ꓟꓵꓽ ꓦꓴꓺ
ꓡ ꓡꓳ= ꓧꓶ ꓪ ꓔꓲ ꓠꓬ ꓡꓲ-ꓢꓴ ꓔꓯ ꓓꓶ ꓟ ꓧꓪꓸ ꓠꓬꓲ꓾ ꓪꓴꓸ ꓠꓷꓸ ꓚꓳꓺ ꓢꓲ꓾
ꓣꓳꓽ ꓠꓬꓲ ꓣꓳ ꓠꓬ ꓪꓽ ꓠꓬꓲˍ ꓟ ꓪ ꓔꓲ ꓐꓴ ꓥ ꓠꓬꓲ꓾ ꓕꓲꓽ ꓟꓵꓽˍ ꓗꓪ ꓡꓰꓽ ꓔꓬ ꓢꓲ ꓓꓶꓽ ꓡꓯ ꓘꓳ ꓔꓬ
ꓠꓬ꓾ ꓣꓳꓽ ꓡ ꓞꓳ ꓫꓵ ꓖꓴ ꓡꓰˍ ꓥꓳ= ꓖꓳ ꓡꓱ ꓠꓬꓲ ꓮꓽ ꓟꓸꓹ ꓕꓱ ꓕꓲ ꓟꓵ ꓗꓪ ꓔꓬ ꓒꓵˍ ꓟ ꓗꓴꓺ ꓙꓵꓽ
ꓪꓽ ꓙꓳˍ ꓠꓬ ꓮꓽ ꓟ ꓔꓬ ꓢꓲ꓾ ꓗꓴꓺ ꓙꓵ ꓪꓽ ꓟꓽ ꓙꓳ ꓢꓴ ꓠꓬ꓾ ꓐꓶ ꓓꓵ ꓔꓯꓸ ꓟꓳꓸ ꓟ ꓪꓽ ꓚꓲꓺ ꓟꓵ
ꓗꓪ ꓔꓬ ꓙꓰ ꓡꓯ꓾
ꓐꓰ ꓪꓴꓹ ꓡ ꓡꓳ- ꓗꓴꓺ ꓙꓵ ꓪ ꓔꓯꓺ ꓡꓯ ꓘꓳ ꓑꓮꓲ ꓠꓬ꓾ ꓧꓶꓽ ꓪꓸꓹ ꓔꓲ ꓙꓸꓹ ꓗꓪ꓾ ꓠꓬꓲꓽ ꓛꓱ ꓟ ꓞꓳ ꓪꓴꓽ ꓞꓳ ꓟ ꓐꓴ ꓜꓲ
ꓡ ꓢꓲ꓾ ꓙꓸꓹ ꓗꓳ ꓡꓳ ꓗꓪ ꓠꓬꓲꓽ ꓛꓱ ꓟ ꓪ ꓔꓲ ꓙꓽ ꓥꓳꓽ ꓔꓳꓹ ꓔ ꓢꓲ ꓠꓬꓲ꓾ ꓢ ꓘꓪ ꓦꓬ ꓔꓱ ꓫꓵ ꓗꓳ ꓗꓷ ꓠꓬ꓾ ꓮꓽ ꓟ ꓗꓴꓺ
ꓙꓵ ꓪ ꓙꓳˍ ꓠꓬ ꓮꓽ ꓟꓸꓹ ꓙꓽ ꓥꓳꓽ ꓗꓪ ꓫꓵꓺ ‘ꓪꓰ ‘ꓪꓰ ꓡ ꓝꓲ꓾ ꓐꓰ ꓪꓵ ꓘꓶ ꓖꓶ ꓡꓯ ꓘꓳˍ ꓡꓳ= ꓡꓲ-ꓢꓴ ꓪ ꓔꓲ  ꓠꓬ
ꓬꓲ ꓔꓯꓸ ꓗꓴꓺ ꓙꓵ ꓪ ꓙꓳˍ ꓟ ꓬꓲ ꓢꓷˍ ꓠꓬꓲ꓾ ꓟꓲ ꓕꓯ ꓙꓲꓸꓹ ꓡˍ ꓗꓪ ꓛꓲ ꓠꓲꓹ ꓟ ꓢꓸꓹ ꓢˍ ꓡꓰꓽ ꓬꓲ ꓔ ꓔꓬ ꓡꓳ= ꓧꓶ-ꓒ ꓪ ꓔꓲ
ꓠꓬ꓾ ꓕꓲ ꓦꓬ ꓡꓱꓹꓼ ꓟꓽ ꓬꓲ ꓔ ꓔ ꓘꓴ ꓡꓳ ꓢꓲ꓾ ꓦꓬ ꓔꓱ ꓫꓵ ꓘꓳꓸꓹ ꓙꓰ ꓕꓯ꓾ ꓡꓲ-ꓢꓴ ꓪ ꓔꓲ ꓙ ꓥꓳꓽ ꓗꓪ ꓫꓵꓺ ‘ꓪꓰ ‘ꓪꓰ
ꓞ ꓟ ꓟꓳˍ ꓠꓬꓲ꓾ ꓡ ꓞꓳ ꓝꓲ ꓢꓲ꓾ ꓙꓽ ꓥꓳꓽ ꓠꓬꓲꓺ ꓖꓴꓺ ꓘꓴ ꓑꓺ ꓗꓷˍ ꓡꓳ= ꓡꓲ-ꓢꓴ ꓪ ꓔꓲ ꓠꓬ ꓟꓯꓼ ꓓꓶˍ ꓟ ꓗꓪ ꓮꓽ ꓘꓶ
ꓧꓪꓸ ꓘꓴˍ ꓥ ꓟꓲ꓾ ꓠꓲ ꓟ ꓔꓱˍ ꓟ ꓗꓪ ꓐꓰ꓾ ꓟꓲ ꓕꓯ ꓙꓲꓸꓹ ꓡ ꓕꓯ꓾ ꓧꓶꓽ ꓪ ꓔꓲ ꓙꓽ ꓥꓳꓽ ꓗꓶꓺ ꓖꓴ ꓗꓪ ꓟ ꓙꓽ ꓥꓳꓽ ꓗꓪꓺ
ꓫꓵꓺ ‘ꓪꓰꓺ ‘ꓪꓰꓺ ꓞˍ ꓟ ꓔꓯꓸ ꓟꓳˍ ꓠꓬꓲ꓾ ꓪꓵꓼ ꓘꓶ ꓖꓶ ꓔ ꓟ ꓐꓰ ꓕꓲ ꓡꓰꓹꓼ꓾ ꓬꓲ ꓑ ꓫꓬ ꓔꓯ ꓧꓳꓽ ꓔ ꓢꓲ꓾ ꓐꓶ ꓓꓵꓽ
ꓟꓵꓽ ꓫ ꓟꓵ ꓔꓯꓸ ꓟꓳ ꓙꓵꓺ ꓙꓰˍ ꓡꓳ= ꓕꓱ ꓟ ꓗꓪ ꓐꓰ꓾ ꓠꓬꓲ ꓠꓬꓲ ꓗꓪ ꓛꓲ ꓡꓲ-ꓢꓴ ꓐꓴ ꓠꓬ꓾
ꓗꓶꓸ ꓗꓶꓸ ꓧꓶꓽ ꓒꓽ ꓧꓪ꓾ ꓢꓰꓼ ꓢꓰꓼ ꓡꓲ-ꓢꓴ ꓧꓪ꓾
ꓐꓯˍ ꓟ ꓥꓳ ꓙꓱ ꓐꓯ ꓔꓬ ꓡꓳ=
ꓠꓬꓲꓽ ꓝꓸ ꓕꓲ ꓝꓸ ꓧꓶ-ꓒ ꓐꓴ ꓐꓰ ꓓꓶꓽ ꓡꓯ ꓘꓳˍ ꓟ
ꓖꓳ ꓟ ꓗ ꓠꓯ ꓧꓶ-ꓒ ꓚ ꓟꓲ ꓠꓬ꓾ Imperial Era (221 ꓐꓚ-1911 ꓮꓓ) ꓐꓯˍ ꓟ꓾ ꓪ ꓔꓲꓹ ꓮꓽ ꓟꓬ ꓔꓯ ꓙꓵˍ ꓟ ꓪ ꓔꓲ ꓐꓴ
ꓦꓬ ꓠꓬꓲ ꓛꓲ ꓡ ꓡꓳ= ꓦꓬ ꓠꓬꓲ ꓖꓳ ꓟ ꓗꓪ ꓧꓶ-ꓒ ꓞꓳ ꓫꓵ ꓟꓬ ꓡ ꓢꓲ꓾ ꓗꓴꓷ ꓔꓯ ꓥ ꓟꓲ꓾ ꓦꓰꓺ ꓡ ꓝꓲ ꓠ ꓟ꓾ ꓐꓶ ꓓꓵ
ꓔꓯ ꓟꓳ ꓟ ꓪ ꓚꓲ ꓟꓵ ꓔꓯ ꓥ ꓟꓲ꓾ ꓓꓶꓽ ꓣꓴ ꓡ ꓡꓳ= ꓡꓲ-ꓢꓴ ꓐꓴ ꓠꓬ ꓧꓶ ꓪ ꓔꓲ ꓟꓯ ꓔꓯꓸ ꓔꓳꓹ ꓢꓲ ꓓꓶꓽ ꓡꓯ ꓘꓳˍ ꓥ
ꓟꓲ꓾ ꓫˍ ꓟ ꓪ ꓚꓲ ꓟꓵ ꓗꓪ ꓔꓬ ꓙꓰ ꓟ ꓮꓽ ꓟꓬꓹ ꓤꓶꓸꓹ ꓗꓷ ꓡꓰ ꓟ  ꓡꓰꓽ ꓟꓽ ꓞꓲ꓾ ꓧꓶꓽ ꓟꓯ ꓧꓶꓸ ꓕꓯꓽ ꓟ ꓕꓯꓽ ꓢꓲ ꓮꓽ ꓘꓶ
ꓪꓽ ꓠꓬꓲ ꓡ ꓟ ꓗꓪ ꓐꓰ꓾ ꓪꓸꓹ ꓓꓶꓽ ꓪꓸꓹ ꓫꓴꓺ꓾ ꓪꓸꓹ ꓫꓴꓺ ꓪꓸꓹ ꓧꓶꓽ꓾ ꓗꓷ ꓡꓰ ꓢꓲ꓾ ꓕꓲ ꓝꓸ ꓗ ꓠꓯ ꓕꓲ ꓝ꓾ ꓢꓯꓼ ꓐꓽꓡꓰ꓾
ꓞꓳ ꓠꓲꓸ ꓡꓰ꓾ ꓗꓷ ꓡꓰꓳ= ꓡꓲ-ꓢꓴ ꓐꓴ ꓔꓯꓸ ꓝꓮꓲ ꓕꓲ ꓧꓪ ꓟꓽ ꓪꓽ ꓠꓬꓲ ꓡ ꓝꓲ ꓠ ꓟ꓾ ꓧꓶ ꓪ ꓔꓲ ꓓ ꓟ (Emperor) ꓐꓴ
ꓠꓬ ꓮ ꓡꓲ ꓕꓲ ꓣꓳ ꓥ ꓟꓲ꓾ ꓡꓲ-ꓢꓴ ꓔꓯꓸ ꓠꓬꓲꓸ ꓤꓶ ꓢꓲ꓾ ꓙꓵ ꓩꓴ ꓡ ꓡꓳ= ꓡꓲ-ꓢꓴ ꓐꓴ ꓥ ꓟꓲ꓾ ꓟꓽ ꓠꓽ ꓟꓽ ꓠꓽ ꓒꓳꓹ ꓔꓳˍ
ꓡꓳ= ꓕꓱ ꓟ ꓗꓪ ꓟꓲꓠꓖ ꓪ ꓔꓲ ꓕꓲ ꓦꓲ ꓢꓴ (Ming Dynasty ꓮꓓ 1368-1644) ꓠꓬ꓾ ꓮ ꓙꓵ ꓟ ꓕꓯ ꓢꓲ ꓡꓲ-ꓢꓴ ꓐꓴ ꓔꓯ
ꓠꓬꓲꓸ ꓤꓶˍ ꓟ ꓗꓪ ꓐꓰ꓾ Qing ꓕꓲ ꓦꓲ ꓢꓴ (Qing Dynasty ꓮꓓ 1644-1911) ꓓꓯꓺ ꓡ ꓕꓯ꓾ ꓡꓲ-ꓢꓴ ꓐꓴ ꓠꓬ꓾ Qing ꓪ
ꓔꓲ ꓕꓲ ꓒꓳ ꓗꓪ ꓔꓬ ꓢꓲ꓾ Ming ꓪ ꓔꓲ ꓔꓯ ꓓꓶˍ ꓡꓳ= ꓡꓲ-ꓢꓴ ꓮꓸ ꓕꓽ ꓖꓳꓽ ꓙꓱ ꓓꓯ ꓑꓮꓲ ꓠꓬ꓾ ꓮꓓ 1644-ꓘꓳꓼ ꓗꓪ ꓡꓲ-ꓢꓴ
ꓡꓰ Ming ꓪ ꓔꓲ ꓔꓯ ꓓꓶ ꓧꓪ ꓡꓰˍ ꓟ ꓑꓮꓲ ꓬꓰˍ ꓟ ꓗꓪ ꓐꓰ ꓪꓴꓸ ꓔꓴ ꓢꓲ꓾ ꓕꓲ ꓘꓳˍ ꓡꓰ ꓕꓲ ꓘꓳ ꓑꓮꓲ ꓖꓳ ꓟ ꓔꓯ ꓚꓲꓸ ꓟꓶ
ꓓꓴ ꓬꓰ_ ꓟ ꓑꓮꓲ ꓥ ꓡꓳ꓾ ꓐꓰ꓾ http://www.articlesbase.com/home-business-articles/lisu-people-2886837.html
ꓗꓪ ꓐꓳ ꓔ ꓡꓳ=
ꓡꓲ-ꓢꓴ ꓮꓸ ꓕꓽ ꓖꓳꓽ ꓙꓱ ꓓꓯ ꓑꓮꓲ (Lisu Sword Ladder Celebration)
ꓕꓱ ꓟ ꓠꓬ꓾ ꓡꓲ-ꓢꓴ ꓐꓴ ꓡꓰ Ming ꓪ ꓔꓲ ꓕꓲ ꓦꓲ ꓢꓴ ꓔꓯ ꓓꓶ ꓧꓪ ꓡꓰ ꓟ ꓑꓮꓲ ꓥ ꓢꓲ꓾ ꓡꓲ-ꓢꓴ ꓐꓴ ꓮꓺ ꓘꓶꓺ ꓛꓲꓺ ꓟꓯ
ꓓꓶ ꓪ ꓠꓬꓲˍ ꓟ ꓔꓯꓸ ꓟꓳ ꓖꓶˍ ꓡꓳ= ꓡꓲ-ꓢꓴ ꓒꓵ ꓒ ꓐꓴ ꓕꓲ ꓤꓶ ꓗ ꓠꓯ ꓕꓲ ꓤꓶ ꓟꓯ ꓓꓶ ꓗꓳ ꓡ ꓟ ꓗꓪ ꓐꓰ ꓮꓸ ꓕꓽ ꓟꓽ
ꓠꓰꓼ ꓠꓺ ꓛꓲꓺ꓾ ꓛꓲꓺ ꓗꓪꓺ ꓕꓴꓸꓹ ꓡꓰ ꓢꓲ꓾ ꓗꓽ ꓔꓸ ꓓꓴ ꓟꓽ ꓙꓳ ꓙꓳ꓾ ꓛꓴ ꓙꓳ ꓢꓴ ꓔꓯꓸ ꓖꓼ ꓐ ꓡ꓾ ꓓꓶ ꓐ ꓡ ꓡꓳ= ꓕꓲ ꓐꓱ  ꓠꓬ꓾ ꓮꓸ ꓕꓽ ꓟ ꓠꓰꓼ ꓛꓬꓹ ꓟꓽ ꓠꓰꓽ ꓠꓺ ꓛꓲ ꓗꓴꓸ ꓢꓴ ꓓꓸꓹ ꓢꓴ ꓙꓳˍ ꓡꓳ= ꓖꓳ ꓟ ꓔꓯꓸ ꓟꓳ ꓖꓶˍ ꓟ ꓑꓮꓡ ꓟꓲ ꓥ ꓡꓳ= ꓠꓬꓲ ꓠꓬꓲ ꓟ ꓦꓬ ꓠꓬꓲ ꓗꓪ꓾ ꓗꓴꓷ ꓓ ꓟ ꓐꓴ ꓬꓰˍ ꓟ ꓟꓯꓼ ꓢꓯꓼ ꓪꓽ ꓟꓳꓸ ꓖꓶˍ ꓟ ꓑꓮꓲ (Military Parade) ꓐꓰ ꓫꓱ- ꓡꓳ= ꓟꓯ ꓟ ꓓꓶ ꓡꓯ ꓘꓳ ꓟ ꓮꓽ ꓟꓬꓹ ꓤꓶ ꓗꓸ ꓠꓯ꓾ ꓓꓸꓹ ꓢꓴ ꓗꓴꓸ ꓢꓴ ꓟꓽ ꓙꓳ꓾ ꓗꓷ ꓡꓰꓳ= ꓛꓲꓺ ꓗꓪꓺ ꓥ ꓟꓲ ꓐꓽ ꓡꓰ ꓖꓴꓳ=
ꓖꓳ ꓡꓱ ꓠꓬꓲ ꓮ ꓕ ꓖꓳ ꓙꓱ ꓓꓯ ꓠ ꓟ꓾ ꓮꓽ ꓤꓸꓹ ꓤˍ ꓠꓬ꓾ ꓡꓲ-ꓢꓴ ꓒꓵ ꓒ ꓗꓴꓸ ꓢꓯꓼ ꓓꓸꓹ ꓢꓯꓼ ꓔꓲ ꓫꓵ꓾ ꓠꓲꓽ ꓢꓯꓼ ꓐꓰ꓾
ꓙꓲꓸꓹ ꓒꓶꓽ ꓢꓯꓼ ꓣꓱ ꓠ ꓗꓷ ꓡꓰꓳ= ꓕꓱ ꓟ ꓔꓯꓸ ꓠꓬꓲꓸ ꓠꓬꓲ ꓟ ꓣꓳ ꓡꓲ-ꓢꓴ ꓐꓴ ꓧꓪꓸ ꓛꓲ ꓢꓲ ꓫꓬ ꓓꓵ ꓙ ꓙꓲꓽ ꓙꓳˍ ꓡꓳ=
Qing ꓪ ꓔꓲ ꓕꓲ ꓦꓲ ꓢꓴ ꓐꓰ ꓡꓲ-ꓢꓴ
ꓡꓲ-ꓢꓴ ꓡꓰ ꓓꓶꓽ ꓙꓺ ꓢꓲ ꓙꓵ ꓪ ꓟꓶ ꓡꓰ ꓟ ꓗꓪ ꓐꓰ꓾ Qing  ꓪ ꓔꓲ ꓕꓲ ꓦꓲ ꓢꓴ ꓙꓵˍ ꓟ ꓬꓲꓸ ꓪꓴꓸ ꓕꓲ ꓕꓱ ꓗꓪ ꓡꓲ-ꓢꓴ
ꓐꓴ ꓠꓬ ꓧꓶ ꓪ ꓔꓲ ꓐꓴ ꓟꓲ ꓕꓯ ꓗꓪ ꓒꓬꓱ ꓟꓶ ꓢꓲ꓾ ꓗꓳꓸ ꓢˍ ꓡꓳ= ꓡꓲ-ꓢꓴ ꓐꓴ ꓔꓯꓸ ꓪ ꓔꓲ ꓟꓯ ꓬꓰ ꓝꓲ ꓢꓲ꓾ ꓕꓲ ꓘꓳ
ꓗꓪ  ꓟꓶꓺ ꓕꓲ ꓓꓳꓺ ꓪꓽ ꓒꓵꓽ  ꓖꓶˍ ꓡꓳ꓾ ꓐꓯˍ ꓡꓳ= ꓠꓶꓹ ꓒꓬꓱꓽ (color) ꓟꓽ ꓫꓱꓸ ꓟ ꓟꓶꓺ ꓮꓽ ꓟꓬ ꓓꓳꓺ ꓗꓪ ꓐꓰ ꓡꓲ-ꓢꓴ
ꓟꓺ ꓐꓴ ꓠꓬ ꓡꓳ ꓐꓲꓸꓹ ꓐꓲˍ ꓡꓰꓽ ꓙꓬꓼ ꓡꓯꓼ ꓡꓯꓼ ꓟ ꓶꓼ ꓖꓪꓽ ꓙꓲꓼ ꓖꓪꓽˍ ꓡꓳ= ꓤꓶꓸꓹ ꓖꓳ ꓟ ꓗꓪ ꓡꓲ-ꓢꓴ ꓐꓰ ꓧꓶ-ꓒ ꓔꓬ
ꓠꓶꓽ ꓡꓯ ꓘꓳ ꓢꓲ꓾ ꓗꓺ ꓟꓲ ꓐꓰ ꓥꓳꓽ ꓮ ꓟꓬꓹ ꓑꓯꓹ ꓡꓯ ꓘꓳ ꓡꓰˍ ꓡꓳ꓾ ꓐꓰ ꓖꓼ ꓑꓳ ꓗꓪ ꓟ ꓪꓰꓐꓢꓲꓔꓰ ꓗꓪ ꓐꓳ ꓔ ꓡꓳ=
Qing ꓪ ꓔꓲ ꓕꓲ ꓦꓲ ꓢꓴ ꓙꓵˍ ꓟ 300 ꓘꓳꓼ ꓟ ꓗꓸ ꓠꓯꓸ ꓕꓲꓽ ꓕꓱ ꓗꓪ꓾ ꓡꓲ-ꓢꓴ ꓐꓴ ꓔꓯꓸ ꓧꓶꓸ ꓕꓯꓸꓹ ꓟ ꓐꓰ ꓟꓽ ꓫꓱ ꓫꓱ꓾
ꓠꓬꓲꓸ ꓤꓶˍ ꓟ ꓟꓬꓽ ꓠꓬꓲ ꓬꓰ ꓡ ꓡꓳ= ꓖꓳ ꓟ ꓔꓯ ꓜꓲꓽ ꓟ ꓘꓴ ꓠꓬꓲ꓾ ꓡꓲ-ꓢꓴ ꓐꓴ ꓒꓳꓹ ꓔꓳꓹ ꓢꓲ꓾ ꓟꓽ ꓠꓽ ꓟꓽ ꓠꓽ ꓓꓶ ꓡꓯ
ꓘꓳˍ ꓡꓳ= ꓡꓲ-ꓢꓴ ꓔꓯꓸ ꓡꓳꓹ ꓬꓰˍ ꓕꓲ ꓧꓪ ꓓꓶˍ ꓟ ꓠꓬ꓾ ꓮꓓ 1801-1803 ꓗꓪ꓾ 3 ꓘꓳ ꓛꓲꓺ ꓓꓶˍ ꓟ ꓥ ꓡꓳ꓾ ꓐꓰ ꓧꓶꓽ
ꓚ ꓟꓲ Lisuzu Jianshi (Kunming, 1983)39 ꓗꓪ ꓐꓳ ꓔ ꓡꓳ= Qing ꓪ ꓔꓲ ꓡꓰ ꓬꓲ ꓗꓴꓷ ꓫꓴꓺ 5- ꓫꓴꓺ ꓗꓪ ꓐꓰ ꓟꓯꓼ ꓕꓲ
ꓟꓶꓽ ꓣꓳ ꓧꓳꓽ ꓔ ꓢꓲ꓾ ꓟꓯ ꓘꓶꓽ ꓓ ꓟ ꓬꓰˍ ꓡꓳ= ꓟꓯ ꓘꓶ ꓕꓱ ꓟ ꓔꓯ ꓚꓺ ꓟꓲ ꓐꓳ ꓢꓴ ꓡꓰꓸꓹ꓾

ꓮ ꓭꓸ ꓤ ꓔꓯꓸ ꓮꓸ ꓠꓬꓲꓽ ꓢꓰꓼ ꓓꓴ ꓡꓰ ꓢꓰꓼˍ ꓡꓳ꓾
ꓐꓰ ꓐꓳ ꓔ ꓡꓳ= ꓖꓳ ꓡꓱ ꓠꓬꓲ ꓟꓯ ꓘꓶ ꓕꓱ ꓟ ꓠꓬ꓾ ꓕꓲ ꓤꓶꓸꓹ ꓗ ꓠꓯ ꓕꓲ ꓤꓶꓸꓹ ꓧꓶꓽ ꓟꓯ ꓡꓰ ꓓꓶꓽ ꓢꓲ ꓟꓶꓽ ꓬꓰ ꓖꓴ ꓔꓬ
ꓟ ꓡꓲ-ꓢꓴ ꓫꓵꓽ ꓔꓯꓸ ꓫꓬ꓾ ꓐꓰ ꓟꓶꓽ ꓬꓰ ꓝꓲ ꓠ ꓟ ꓓꓶˍ ꓟ ꓥ ꓡꓳ꓾ ꓐꓰ ꓢꓷ ꓡꓰ ꓓ ꓡꓳ= ꓟꓯ ꓘꓶ ꓕꓱ ꓟ ꓗꓪ ꓥ ꓟꓲ꓾
ꓡꓲ-ꓢꓴ ꓐꓴ ꓠꓬ꓾ ꓓꓶꓽ ꓟ ꓧꓪ ꓢꓲ꓾ ꓮ ꓟꓶ ꓣꓳꓽ ꓡꓲ-ꓢꓴ ꓐꓴ ꓔꓬ ꓟ ꓠꓴ-ꓚꓬ (Nujiang) ꓟꓵꓼ ꓫꓸ ꓟꓵ ꓒꓬ ꓗꓪ ꓛꓲ ꓢꓳꓹ
ꓓꓯꓺ ꓙꓰ ꓠꓺ ꓗꓷ ꓡꓰꓳ= ꓟꓵ ꓕꓱ ꓟ ꓗꓪ ꓛꓲ ꓠꓬ꓾ ꓟꓵꓽ ꓫꓸ ꓟꓵꓽ ꓒꓬꓸ ꓥ ꓟ ꓗꓪ ꓐꓰ꓾ ꓧꓶꓽ ꓟꓯ ꓐꓴ ꓓꓯ ꓡ ꓟ ꓓ ꓓ꓾
ꓗꓽ ꓧꓪꓸ ꓡꓰ ꓡꓳ= ꓮ ꓟꓶ ꓗꓪ ꓛꓲ ꓡꓲ-ꓢꓴ ꓐꓴ ꓠꓬ꓾ ꓮꓺ ꓡꓲꓺ ꓐꓰ ꓧꓶꓽ ꓟꓯꓼ ꓔꓯ ꓗꓽ ꓧꓪꓸ ꓡꓰ ꓟ ꓙ ꓖꓴ ꓚꓺ ꓔꓬ ꓡꓳ=
ꓚꓬꓺ ꓚꓱ ꓐꓰ ꓮꓸ ꓕꓽ ꓣꓱ ꓟ ꓛꓵ ꓛꓵ꓾ ꓭꓸ ꓘꓴꓸꓡꓱꓸ ꓢꓲꓸˍ ꓡꓰꓽ ꓟꓲ ꓧꓶꓽ ꓟꓯ ꓠꓬ꓾ ꓡꓲ-ꓢꓴ ꓟꓵꓽ ꓗꓪ ꓓꓯ ꓡ ꓟ ꓓ ꓗꓷ ꓡꓰ
ꓟ ꓥ ꓡꓳ꓾ ꓐꓰ ꓐꓯˍ ꓡꓳ= ꓧꓶꓽ ꓪ ꓔꓲ ꓠꓬ ꓡꓲ-ꓢꓴ ꓐꓴ ꓔꓯꓸ ꓭꓸ ꓟꓵꓽ ꓫꓸ ꓟꓵ ꓗꓪ ꓫꓵꓸꓹ ꓟꓶ ꓬꓰ ꓝꓲ ꓠ ꓟ꓾ ꓮꓸ ꓫꓵˍ ꓟꓲ
ꓟꓵ ꓖꓳ ꓟ ꓗꓪ ꓟꓽ ꓔꓯ ꓓꓵ ꓙꓰ ꓝꓲ ꓝꓲ꓾ ꓗꓽ ꓛꓵꓽ ꓗꓷ ꓡꓳ= ꓡꓲ-ꓢꓴ ꓐꓴ ꓠꓬ ꓧꓶꓽ ꓪ ꓔꓲ ꓓꓵ ꓙˍ ꓟ ꓡꓰ ꓐꓰ ꓟꓽ ꓥ=
ꓜꓽ ꓓꓴ ꓐꓱ ꓶ ꓘꓶꓽ ꓫ꓾ ꓖꓪꓽ꓾ ꓮ ꓠꓳ ꓐꓰ ꓜ ꓫꓵ ꓜ ꓙꓰꓽ ꓔꓶ ꓢꓲ ꓥˍ ꓟꓲ꓾ ꓖꓪꓽ ꓓꓴ ꓐꓱ ꓶ ꓜꓲꓽ ꓔꓶ ꓬꓽ ꓚꓬꓸ ꓢꓲ ꓥ ꓟꓲ꓾
ꓢꓯꓸ ꓔꓬ ꓐ ꓡ ꓡꓳ= ꓞꓼ ꓐꓳꓺ ꓕꓲ ꓫꓵˍ ꓡꓰꓽ ꓡꓲ-ꓢꓴ ꓔꓬ ꓟꓵ ꓗꓪ ꓟꓽ ꓓꓳꓺ ꓠꓬꓲ ꓬꓰ ꓫꓸ ꓓꓴ ꓙꓳˍ ꓟ ꓔꓯꓸ ꓧꓶ ꓚ ꓟꓲ ꓗꓪ
ꓥ ꓟꓲ꓾ ꓡꓲ-ꓢꓴ ꓚ ꓘꓶꓽ ꓗꓪ ꓥ ꓟꓲ ꓡꓳꓸ ꓟꓳˍ ꓡꓳ=
ꓡꓲ-ꓢꓴ ꓶ ꓖꓪ ꓐꓰ ꓟꓯ ꓘꓶ
ꓡꓲ-ꓢꓴ ꓠꓬ ꓮꓽ ꓠꓱꓺ ꓒꓵ ꓒ ꓐꓴ ꓧꓶ ꓪ ꓔꓲ ꓐꓰ ꓟꓵ ꓦꓴꓺ ꓡꓯ ꓘꓳˍ ꓟ ꓦꓬ ꓠꓬꓲ ꓗꓪ ꓐꓰ ꓪꓴꓸ ꓔꓴ ꓢꓲ ꓮꓽ ꓡ 1500
ꓘꓳ ꓛꓲ ꓟꓯ ꓓꓶ ꓡꓯ ꓘꓳ ꓢꓲ ꓠꓬꓲ꓾ ꓞꓳ ꓙꓳ ꓗꓳ ꓡ ꓟ ꓗꓪ ꓐꓰ꓾ ꓞꓳ ꓑ ꓤ ꓶ ꓖꓪ ꓠꓬ ꓟꓯ ꓶ ꓖꓪ ꓥ ꓟ ꓡꓳꓸ ꓟꓳˍ
ꓡꓳ= ‘ꓪꓴꓸ ꓓꓴ ꓗꓪ ꓓꓶꓽ ꓡ ꓕꓯꓼ ꓡ꓾ ꓛꓵꓺ ꓡ ꓐꓶꓺ ꓡˍ ꓟ ꓔꓯ ꓔꓺ ꓙ ꓓꓴ꓾ ‘ꓪꓴꓸ ꓕꓷꓹ ꓮꓽ ꓕꓴꓹ ꓕꓴꓺ ꓔꓰꓹ ꓔꓰˍ ꓡꓰꓽ ꓕꓷꓹ
ꓔ ꓡꓳ= ꓐꓵ ꓞꓲꓽ ꓒꓲꓸꓹ ꓫꓬꓸ ꓠꓯꓸꓼ ꓗꓪ ꓳ ꓟꓶꓽ ꓔ ꓓꓴ ꓧꓪꓽ ꓙꓲꓸꓹ ꓚꓬꓺ ꓠꓲ ꓗꓶꓺ ꓢꓲ꓾ ꓓꓴ ꓓꓳˍ ꓡꓳ= ꓙꓴꓽ ꓝꓲꓸ ꓗꓪ꓾ ꓙꓽ
ꓧꓷꓹ ꓔꓯ ꓕꓲꓽ ꓕꓵꓺꓦꓲꓺ ꓛꓲ꓾ ꓮꓸ ꓕꓽ ꓐꓰ ꓚꓬꓺ ꓚꓱꓹ ꓟꓽ ꓠꓰꓼ ꓡꓰ ꓠ ꓛꓲ꓾ ꓮꓽ ꓕꓴꓹ ꓕꓴꓺ ꓛꓵꓽ ꓢꓲ꓾ ꓔꓰꓹ ꓔꓰˍ ꓡꓰꓽ ꓧꓷ ꓔ ꓡꓳ=
ꓛꓲ ‘ꓪꓵꓼ ꓗꓪ-ꓸ ꓮꓸ ꓕꓽ ꓐꓰ ꓚꓬ ꓚꓱꓹ ꓟꓽ ꓙꓸꓹ ꓙꓰ ꓠ ꓛꓲ ꓕꓴ- ꓟ ꓛꓲꓸꓸ ꓙꓴꓸꓸ ꓔꓯꓸ ꓡꓽ ꓖꓳꓼ ꓘꓳꓸ ꓗꓪ ꓐꓰ ꓛꓲ ꓑꓬꓸꓸ
ꓗꓪ ꓛꓲ  ꓙꓴꓺ ꓔ ꓡꓳ= ꓛꓴꓽ ꓙꓳ ꓢꓴ ꓗꓸ ꓠꓯ ꓢꓲ ꓗꓪ ꓐꓰ ꓘꓴꓽ ꓛꓵ ꓡˍ ꓟ ꓔꓯꓸ ꓔ ꓙ ꓓꓴ꓾ ꓛꓬꓹ ꓔꓯꓸ ‘ꓪꓴꓸ ꓓꓵ ꓗꓪ ꓐꓰ                                                                                   ꓙꓴ ꓝꓲ ꓗꓪ ꓛꓲ꓾ ꓔꓺ ꓔꓺ ꓫꓵꓺ ꓟꓯ ꓔ ꓡꓳ= ꓞꓼ ꓐꓰ꓾ ꓒꓸꓹ ꓕꓲꓸꓼ ꓗꓪ ꓓꓳ ꓡ ꓟ ꓛꓴ ꓙꓳ ꓢꓴ ꓔꓯꓸꓡꓯꓼ ꓒꓳꓹ ꓠ ꓟ꓾ ꓮꓸ ꓕꓽ
ꓔꓯ ꓡꓯꓼ ꓶꓸ ꓕꓲ ꓛꓱ ꓗꓪ ꓓꓱꓼ ꓢꓲ꓾ ꓡꓯꓼ ꓙꓸꓹ ꓡꓯ ꓒꓯ ꓡꓰ ꓮꓸ ꓕꓽ ‘ꓪꓵꓽ ꓔꓯꓸ ꓮ ꓕꓯꓽ ꓟꓲ ꓠꓬꓹ ꓔ ꓡꓳ=
ꓠꓬꓲ ꓠꓬꓲ ꓗꓪ ꓛꓲ ꓡꓲ-ꓢꓴ ꓐꓴ ꓮ ꓡꓲ ꓐꓰ ꓧꓶꓽ ꓟꓯ ꓔꓯ ꓓꓶˍ ꓟ꓾ ꓠꓲ ꓘꓪ ꓫꓵ ꓫꓵˍ ꓡꓰꓽ ꓚ ꓔꓬ ꓢꓴ ꓙꓳˍ ꓡꓳ= ꓡꓲ-ꓢꓴ
ꓟꓯ ꓓꓶ ꓓꓴ ꓠꓬ ꓛꓬꓹ ꓐꓰ ꓚꓬꓺ ꓚꓱꓹ ꓥ ꓠꓬꓲ꓾ ꓟꓸꓹ ꓑꓳꓺ ꓙꓳˍ ꓕꓲ ꓗꓴꓸ ꓓꓶꓽ ꓓꓴ꓾ ꓐꓶꓺ ꓓꓴ꓾ ꓟꓽ ꓙꓳꓸꓹ ꓗꓷ ꓡꓰ ꓟꓽ
ꓗꓴꓸ= ꓟꓸꓹ ꓓꓸꓹ ꓗꓪ ꓐꓰ ꓛꓬꓹ꓾ ꓚꓬꓺ ꓚꓱꓹ ꓐꓰ ꓛꓬ ꓦꓲꓸꓹ ꓫꓬˍ ꓡꓳ= ꓞꓳ ꓑ ꓤ ꓐꓴ ꓠꓬ ꓟ ꓑꓳ ꓗꓪ ꓔꓬ ꓢꓲ ꓟꓯꓼ ꓓꓶ꓾ ꓤ
ꓟꓶ ꓤ ꓐꓴ ꓠꓬ ꓜꓽ ꓓꓴ ꓓꓳ ꓓꓴ ꓟꓯ ꓖꓶ ꓢꓲ꓾ ꓕꓲ ꓘ ꓕꓲ ꓡꓳꓸꓹ꓾ ꓕꓲ ꓟꓵꓽ ꓕꓲ ꓚꓳꓺ ꓮꓽ ꓙꓵ ꓢꓴ ꓕꓲ ꓠꓲꓹ ꓕꓲ ꓪꓽ ꓓꓶˍ
ꓡꓳ꓾ ꓐꓯˍ ꓡꓳ=
Qing ꓪ ꓔꓲ ꓗ ꓘꓶꓽ ꓒꓴ ꓖꓶˍ ꓟ
ꓮꓽ ꓡꓸꓹ ꓞꓳ ꓤ ꓕꓲ ꓤꓶ ꓐꓯ ꓠ ꓛꓲ꓾ ꓡꓲ-ꓢꓴ ꓐꓴ ꓔꓯꓸ ꓟꓵꓽ ꓛꓱꓹ ꓟꓵꓽ ꓠꓬꓱꓹ ꓗꓪ ꓖꓼ ꓠꓬꓱꓹ ꓗꓷ ꓢꓲ꓾ ꓦꓯꓹ ꓘꓴꓸꓹ ꓛꓵˍ ꓟ
ꓡꓰ ꓐꓰ ꓓꓳ ꓡ ꓟ ꓓ ꓓ꓾ ꓡꓲ-ꓢꓴ ꓟꓵ ꓔꓯꓸ ꓗꓽ ꓛꓵꓽ ꓗꓷ ꓥ ꓟꓲ꓾ ꓡꓲ-ꓢꓴ ꓐꓴ ꓠꓬ ꓟꓽ ꓟꓶꓽ ꓡꓰ ꓡꓰ꓾ ꓟꓬꓽ ꓡ ꓔꓬ ꓟ  ꓗꓪ
ꓐꓰ ꓧꓶ ꓪ ꓔꓲ ꓠꓬ꓾ ꓝꓮꓲ ꓕꓲ ꓧꓪꓹ ‘ꓪꓴꓸ ꓠꓷ ꓚꓳ ꓢꓲ ꓙꓵꓽ ꓜ ꓠ ꓟ꓾ ꓗ ꓘꓶꓽ ꓒꓴꓸꓹ ꓖꓶˍ ꓡꓳ= ꓖꓳ ꓟ ꓦꓬ ꓠꓬꓲ ꓗꓪ ꓛꓲ
ꓡ ꓕꓯ ꓡꓲ-ꓢꓴ ꓐꓴ ꓥ ꓟꓲ꓾ ꓟꓯꓼ ꓓꓶꓽ ꓐ ꓡ ꓢꓴ ꓞꓳ ꓪꓴꓽ ꓞꓳ ꓟꓳꓽ ꓐꓴꓺ ꓟꓽ ꓔꓬ ꓖꓴ ꓟ ꓗꓪ ꓐꓰ꓾ ꓧꓶ ꓪ ꓔꓲ ꓡꓰ ꓙꓱꓽ
ꓤ ꓗꓳꓸ ꓔꓯꓸ ꓠꓸ ꓣꓴˍ ꓟ ꓡꓰ ꓐꓰ꓾ ꓗꓶꓸ ꓡ ꓟ ꓔꓯ ꓠ ꓠ ꓢꓲ꓾ ꓟꓽ ꓒꓳꓹ ꓔꓳ꓾ ꓟꓽ ꓓꓶ ꓡꓯ ꓘꓳ ꓗꓷ ꓡꓰꓳ= ꓖꓳ ꓟ ꓔꓯ
ꓪꓺ ꓒꓰꓼ (advantage) ꓣꓴ ꓢꓲ꓾ ꓧꓶ ꓪ ꓔꓲ ꓠꓬ ꓡꓲ-ꓢꓴ ꓐꓴ ꓔꓯ ꓟꓵꓽ ꓒꓵꓽ꓾ ꓫꓺ ꓒꓴꓸꓹ ꓮꓽ ꓟꓬꓹ ꓫꓵ ꓖꓳꓺ ꓜ ꓡꓳ=                                                                                    ꓮꓓ 1940 ꓘꓳ ꓗꓪ ꓛꓲ ꓡ ꓕꓯ꓾ ꓡꓲ-ꓢꓴ ꓐꓴ ꓔꓯ ꓧꓶ ꓪ ꓔꓲ ꓡꓰ ꓟꓵ ꓒꓵ 65 ꓫꓵ ꓖꓳꓺ ꓜꓽ ꓔꓬ ꓢꓲ꓾ ꓬꓲꓸ ꓬꓲ ꓢꓶꓺ ꓟꓽ
ꓙꓳꓸꓹ ꓓꓰ ꓡꓰ ꓟ ꓠꓬ꓾ ꓡꓲ-ꓢꓴ ꓟꓵ ꓕꓯ ꓢꓲ ꓗꓪ ꓐꓱ ꓦꓲ ꓕꓲ ꓧꓪꓹ ꓐꓱ ꓗꓳ ꓙꓰ ꓠꓬ ꓧꓶ ꓒꓴ ꓢ ꓒꓯꓼ ꓐꓶꓽ ꓐꓶꓸꓹ ꓠ ꓗ ꓟ ꓥ
ꓡꓳ꓾ ꓐꓰ꓾ YASS 340, Section 5, sited in Tien, Peaks of Faith, 66 ꓗꓪ ꓐꓳ ꓔ ꓡꓳ=
ꓡꓲ-ꓢꓴ ꓐꓽ ꓐꓽ ꓧꓶꓺ ꓧꓶꓺ ꓔꓬ ꓒꓬꓱꓺ ꓙꓰˍ ꓟ
Ming ꓪ ꓔꓲ ꓐꓴ ꓦꓬ ꓠꓬꓲ ꓗꓪ ꓥ ꓟꓲ꓾ Qing ꓪ ꓔꓲ ꓐꓴ ꓦꓬ  ꓠꓬꓲ ꓗꓪ ꓥ ꓟꓲ꓾ ꓡꓲ-ꓢꓴ ꓐꓴ ꓔꓯꓸ ꓮꓽ ꓘꓶ ꓠꓬꓲ ꓤꓶꓺ
ꓢꓲ꓾ ꓓꓶ ꓡ ꓟ ꓗꓪ ꓐꓰ ꓡꓲ-ꓢꓴ ꓮ ꓟꓬꓹ ꓬꓰ-ꓠ ꓟꓵꓽ (Yunnan) ꓐꓶ ꓓꓵꓽ ꓔꓯꓹ ꓟꓳ ꓛꓰ ꓡˍ ꓕꓯ꓾ ꓕꓲ ꓐꓱ ꓠꓬ ꓐꓶ ꓓꓳ
ꓖꓴꓸꓹ ꓪꓴꓸ ꓔꓯꓸ ꓟꓳ ꓛꓰꓹ ꓓꓯ ꓙꓰˍ ꓡꓳ= ꓕꓱ ꓟ ꓗꓪ ꓐꓰ ꓠꓬꓲ ꓠꓬꓲ ꓟ ꓦꓬ ꓠꓬꓲ ꓗꓪ ꓐꓶ ꓓꓵ ꓡꓲ-ꓢꓴ ꓐꓰ ꓐꓶ ꓓꓳꓺ ꓡꓲ-ꓢꓴ
ꓐꓯ ꓢꓲ ꓠꓬꓲꓽ ꓫꓵꓽ ꓙꓳˍ ꓡꓳ= ꓡꓲ-ꓢꓴ ꓔꓯ ꓠꓴ-ꓚꓬ ꓟꓵ ꓗꓪ ꓖꓽ ꓠꓬꓱ ꓗꓷ ꓗ ꓠꓯ꓾ ꓡꓲ-ꓢꓴ ꓕꓲ ꓐꓱ ꓠꓬ ꓪꓽ ꓖꓪꓺ ꓟꓵ
ꓔꓯ ꓘꓳꓸꓹ ꓙꓰ ꓢꓲ꓾ ꓑꓴ-ꓔꓮꓳ  ꓟꓵꓽ ꓗꓪ ꓚꓵꓸ ꓙꓰˍ ꓡꓳ= ꓕꓲ ꓐꓱ ꓠꓬ ꓡꓳ-ꓟꓲ ꓟꓵ ꓫꓸ ꓗ ꓔꓯꓸ ꓘꓳꓸꓹ ꓢꓲ꓾ ꓢꓲ-ꓓꓳꓽ ꓢꓲ-ꓟ
ꓟꓵꓽ ꓗꓪ꓾ ꓕꓲ ꓐꓱ ꓠꓬ ꓟꓴꓽ ꓫꓸ ꓗꓺ ꓔꓯꓸ ꓐꓸꓹ ꓟꓴꓸꓹ ꓢꓲ꓾ ꓟꓴ-ꓟꓲ ꓟꓵ ꓐꓰ ꓟꓴ-ꓖꓴ ꓟꓵ ꓗꓪ ꓬꓯ ꓛꓲꓺ ꓙꓰˍ ꓡꓳ= ꓕꓲ
ꓐꓱ ꓠꓬ ꓐꓶ-ꓬꓲ ꓟꓵ ꓐꓰ ꓕꓮꓲ ꓟꓵ ꓗꓪ ꓛꓲꓺ ꓦꓸꓹ ꓟꓲ ꓢ ꓘꓳ ꓕꓲ ꓡꓯꓼ ꓘꓷꓹ ꓢꓲ ꓪꓳꓽ ꓙꓵ ꓚꓵꓸ ꓬꓯꓼ ꓙꓰˍ ꓡꓳ= ꓕꓲ ꓐꓱ ꓠꓬ
ꓟꓶ-ꓡꓰ-ꓫꓬ ꓟꓵ (Malaysia) ꓗꓪ ꓛꓲ ꓚꓵ ꓛꓲ ꓬꓰ ꓢꓲ꓾ ꓮ ꓟꓶ ꓡꓲ-ꓢꓴ ꓐꓴ ꓔꓬ ꓟ꓾ ꓕꓮꓲꓸ ꓟꓵ ꓖꓴ ‘ꓪꓴꓸ ꓗꓪ ꓚꓱꓹ ꓬꓲꓼ
ꓡ ꓢꓲ ꓔꓬ ꓡꓳ= ꓮ ꓡꓲꓳ ꓐꓯ ꓠꓬ ꓬꓲ ꓪ ꓒꓵ ꓒ ꓐꓴ ꓟꓲ ꓠꓯ ꓑꓶꓸ ꓡꓳꓹ ꓬꓰ_ ꓗꓪ ꓛꓲ ꓚꓵꓸ ꓛꓲꓺ ꓬꓰꓳ ꓾ ꓐꓰ ꓐꓯˍ ꓡꓳ=
ꓟꓯ ꓘꓶ ꓓꓳ ꓡꓰ ꓗ ꓠꓯ꓾ ꓧꓶ ꓪꓔꓲ ꓡꓰ ꓖꓼ ꓟꓽ ꓔꓱꓹ ꓔꓱꓹ ꓠꓬꓲꓸ ꓤꓶꓺ ꓡ ꓟ ꓗꓪ ꓐꓰ ꓥ ꓟꓲ꓾ 1949 ꓘꓳ ꓗꓪ ꓐꓰ ꓧꓶ
ꓟꓵ ꓔꓯꓸ ꓗꓴ-ꓟꓬꓴ-ꓠꓲ (Communists) ꓐꓴ ꓡꓰ ꓙꓵꓽ ꓢꓲ ꓘꓶ ꓙꓵ ꓡꓯ ꓘꓳˍ ꓟ ꓬꓲ ꓓ ꓟ ꓓꓳ ꓡ ꓟ ꓗꓪ ꓐꓰ ꓥ ꓟꓲ꓾
ꓜꓲꓽ ꓟꓽ ꓘꓴ ꓢꓲ ꓡꓳ-ꓟꓲ ꓟꓵ ꓐꓰ ꓕꓮꓲ ꓟꓵ ꓔꓯꓸ ꓟꓳ ꓮꓽ ꓟˍ ꓟꓲ ꓟꓽ ꓘꓶ ꓡꓶ꓾ ꓟꓽ ꓠꓬꓲꓸ ꓤꓶ ꓡ ꓟ ꓪꓽ ꓚꓲꓺ ꓟꓵ ꓚꓺ ꓚꓺ
ꓛꓰ ꓬꓯ ꓙꓰˍ ꓡꓳ=

ꓮꓓ1962 ꓘꓳ ꓗꓸ ꓠꓯ ꓡꓳ-ꓟꓲ ꓟꓵ ꓔꓯ ꓙꓵˍ ꓟ ꓟꓯ ꓢꓲ ꓒ ꓐꓴ ꓡꓰ꓾ ꓐꓶꓽ ꓟꓵ ꓗꓪ ꓐꓰ ꓪꓴ-ꓢ ꓐꓯ ꓘꓶ ꓟ ꓖꓶ ꓔꓬ
ꓢꓴ ꓢ-ꓢꓶ-ꓠ ꓟ ꓒ ꓟ ꓟ ꓐꓴ ꓔꓯ ꓖꓼ ꓓꓳˍ ꓟ ꓬꓰˍ ꓡꓳ= ꓑꓴ-ꓔꓮꓳ ꓟꓵ ꓗꓪ ꓢ ꓢꓶ ꓠ ꓬꓰ ꓔꓬ ꓟ ꓧꓪ ꓒꓴ ꓟ ꓒ ꓐꓴ
ꓠꓬ ꓡꓲ-ꓢꓴ ꓫꓵ ꓔꓯꓸ ꓐꓰ ꓧꓹ ꓟꓽ ꓬꓯꓼ ꓠꓬꓲ ꓡꓲ-ꓢꓴ ꓮꓽ ꓟꓬꓹ ꓔꓯꓸ ꓧꓳꓽ ꓢꓲ ꓠꓶ_ ꓟ ꓗꓽ-ꓡꓽ ꓟꓵ (India) ꓗꓪ ꓛꓰ ꓓꓵ ꓙꓰˍ
ꓡꓳ= ꓮꓓ ꓠꓬꓲꓽ ꓔꓴꓺ ꓦꓬꓸꓹ ꓐꓱ (20th Century AD) ꓡꓳꓹ ꓬꓰˍ ꓟ ꓦꓬ ꓠꓬꓲ ꓗꓪ ꓛꓲ ꓡ ꓕꓯ꓾ ꓡꓳ-ꓟꓲ ꓟꓵ ꓢꓴ ꓡꓲ-ꓢꓴ
ꓐꓴ ꓠꓬ꓾ ꓚꓲ ꓛꓬ ꓔꓬ ꓟꓵ ꓗꓪ ꓘꓶ ꓙꓵˍ ꓟ ꓐꓰ ꓬꓰ ꓫꓸ ꓓꓴ ꓮꓽ ꓟꓬ ꓙꓳˍ ꓟ ꓗꓪ ꓐꓰ꓾ ꓠꓱ ꓐꓯꓼ ꓞꓳ ꓫꓵꓽ ꓐꓴ ꓐꓰ ꓕꓲ
ꓡꓰꓹꓼ꓾ ꓕꓮꓲ ꓟꓵ ꓐꓰ ꓟꓶ-ꓡꓰ-ꓫꓬ ꓟꓵ ꓗꓪ ꓐꓰ ꓕꓲ ꓝꓸ ꓟꓵ ꓗꓳꓹ ꓓꓵꓺ ꓓꓵ ꓗꓪ ꓔꓬ ꓒꓬꓱꓺꓙꓰˍ ꓡꓳ=